|
Full black male suffrage |
School segregation |
State accommodations law enacted |
New York |
1870 |
|
|
New Jersey |
1870 |
1881 – school segregation abolished |
|
Pennsylvania |
1870 |
1881 – school segregation abolished |
1867 – segregation outlawed on railroads |
Key cases:
West Chester & Philadelphia R. Co. v. Miles – Pennsylvania, 1867 (55 Pa. 109); People ex rel. King v. Gallagher – New York, 1883 (93 N.Y. 438); Pierce v. Union District School Trustees – New Jersey, 1884-85 (46 N.J. Law 76; 47 N.J. Law 348); People v. King – New York, 1888 (18 N.E. 245)
“Both justice and the public interest concur in a policy which shall elevate [blacks] as individuals, and … give them a fair chance in the struggle of life … [I]t is evident that to exclude colored people from places of public resort on account of their race, is to fix upon them a brand of inferiority, and tends to fix their position as a servile and dependent people.” – Justice __, in King. | Dispute over segregated seating in New York City, 1862 - courtesy New York Public Library “The danger to the peace engendered by the feeling of aversion between individuals of the different races cannot be denied … However unwise it may be to indulge the feeling, human infirmity is not always proof against it. It is much wiser to avert the consequences of this repulsion of race by separation, than to punish afterward the breach of the peace it may have caused.” – Justice Daniel Agnew, in West Chester “The attempt to enforce social intimacy between the races, by legal enactments, would probably tend only to embitter the prejudices, if any such there are, which exist between them, and produce an evil instead of a good result … [I]nstitutions organized … for the exclusive use and benefit of the colored race … have effected much for its improvement and advantage.” – Chief Justice William Ruger, in Gallagher |